Web browser has been launched in sql server since SQL Server 2005. And it is available in Menu (View >> Other windows >> Web Browser). And this sql server browser uses the same internet explorer setting on windows server except home page. Whatever home page you setup in windows internet explorer, it will not impact in SQL server web browser settings.
This functionality is same in all sql server from SQL server 2005 and above. In addition to this, SQL Server 2012 provided a functionality to set up internet explorer setting from SQL Server as well and you can setup separate home page for SQL SERVER browser also.
Given below is the path to configure this setting in SQL Server 2012.
Tools >> Options >> Environment >> Web browser
SQL Server Portal 
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